标题:“五胡入华”是华夷各族共同的历史选择。内容:<section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">《中华民族共同体概论》在叙述魏晋南北朝时期中华民族共同体的形成与发展时，提出了“五胡入华”推动了中华民族大交融的观点，对这一时期各民族交往交流交融的历史现象进行了分析和总结，以大量历史事实对长期以来流传的“五胡乱华”的传统观念做出了调整，弘扬了基于共同体意识之上的中华民族历史观，值得充分肯定。</span></section><p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></section></p><p style="padding: 0px; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">所谓“五胡”，通常是指十六国时期入主中原并建立政权的匈奴、鲜卑、羯、氐、羌等五个北方少数民族。魏晋南北朝时期，由于各地割据政权之间（包括胡人和汉人）长期彼此攻伐杀戮，造成了巨大的社会动乱与百姓涂炭。其中中原百姓遭受的生命财产损失与精神痛苦最严重。这就是“乱”字的由来。战乱和杀伐令人痛心，但没能阻挡中华民族共同体的继续发展。“五胡入华”所引发的破坏性事件较多集中在十六国前期，后期则随着局势趋于平稳而有所改善。十六国时期中原与边疆继续得到开发，经济文化继续得到发展。对于“五胡入华”带来的各民族之间的碰撞与冲突，也要用辩证、客观、全面的眼光来看待和分析。</span></p><p><section style="margin: 10px 0px 8px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; line-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(139, 140, 143); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; text-wrap: wrap; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></section></section></p><p style="padding: 0px; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 17px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">“五胡乱华”的提法是怎么来的？</span></strong></span></p><p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 2em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 2em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">“五胡乱华”的提法最早出现在南朝佛教论著文集《弘明集》，出自刘宋时期元嘉十二年（435年）汉族士人何尚之回答宋文帝赞扬佛事的一则奏章中。在这则奏章中，何尚之一方面对当时佛教领域的竞相奢靡之风提出批评，另一方面大力弘扬佛法。他认为，“又五胡乱华以来，生民涂炭冤横死亡者不可胜数。其中设获苏息，必释教是赖。故佛图澄入邺而石虎杀戮减半，渑池宝塔放光而符健椎锯用息蒙逊。反噬无亲虐如豺虎，末节感悟遂成善人。”这是目前所见第一次使用“五胡乱华”的传世历史文献资料。何尚之意在通过渲染十六国时期北方的战乱惨状和佛法对统治者的感化作用，突显佛法的神奇法力，强调佛法具有“神道助教”、坐致太平的政治功效，以说服宋文帝支持佛教的发展，达到弘扬佛法的目的。这也是这篇奏章被佛教徒僧佑收入《弘明集》的重要原因。</span></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></section></p><p style="margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></p><p><section style="margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 2em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 2em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">不过，此后出现这一提法的历史文献如《通典》《朱子语类》《旧唐书》，皆为时空距离“五胡”活跃时期颇为遥远的唐宋时期。反而在十六国时期与“五胡”在时空上有近距离交集的中原士人没有这方面的表述。</span></section></p><p style="padding: 0px; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></p><p><section style="margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 2em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">此外，五胡部族早在东汉时期就已经内迁至中原生活，受中原王朝管辖。西晋后期，统治者为争夺皇权，爆发了规模浩大、持续长久的“八王之乱”，中原在西晋宗室诸王混战中饱受兵燹，几乎沦为废墟。五胡建立政权之前，中原已经自乱。西晋统治者及上层贵族的争权夺利、自相残杀是造成中原战乱的内因。这提示我们，中央政权一旦混乱，就很容易出现民族离散的现象。要维护民族不能散，首先要维护国家不能乱。</span></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 2em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></section></p><p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; text-wrap: wrap; line-height: 2em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">“五胡入华”是华夷各族共同的历史选择</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; text-wrap: wrap; line-height: 2em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; text-wrap: wrap; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">“五胡入华”的提法准确抓住了中国历史的突出特点，客观反映了历史上各民族之间紧密交往交流交融的历史事实，反映了中华民族共同体形成发展的历程和特点。“五胡入华”有两层含义：一是“五胡”等少数民族人口大量内迁并建立政权，入主中原，史称“十六国时期”；二是指“五胡”等少数民族从政治、文化和血缘等方面主动认同中华，以中华政治文化继承者、守护者和炎黄子孙自居，主动融入中华民族大家庭。“五胡入华”是华夷各族共同的历史选择，是双方主动认同、双向奔赴的结果。</span></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; text-wrap: wrap; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; color: rgb(139, 140, 143); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); color: rgb(2, 50, 112); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-wrap: wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">特别值得注意的是，十六国时期“五胡”政权建立后，逐步获得大多数中原汉族士人的支持。“五胡”政权建立后，主动弘扬中华文化，举行祭祀华夏人文初祖尧舜禹、孔子等国家大典，设置庠序（学校）教授儒家经典，为本政权排定五德历运，积极参与中华正统之争，完全以中华文化继承者、守护者自居。其中以慕容鲜卑建立的“五燕”政权和拓跋鲜卑建立的北魏政权尤为突出。北魏孝文帝推行汉化改革以及中原汉族士人对改革的支持、对北魏王朝的忠诚与认同，是胡汉、华夷各族双向奔赴、相互认同的历史典范。“五胡入华”开创了少数民族即所谓“四夷”参与中华正统之争的先河，极大地丰富了中华文明的内容，开创了华夷共同谱写中华文明史的新篇章，为后世辽、金、元、清等政权统治者入主中原、各民族共创中华文明作出了表率，引领了方向。</span></section></p><p style="padding: 0px; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p><p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 17px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.578px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">全面辩证看待“五胡入华”的历史影响</span></strong></span></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">在各民族交往交流交融的历史进程中，碰撞与交融总是兼而有之。对此我们要用辩证的眼光，正确进行分析。</span></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(2, 50, 112); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(2, 50, 112); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">“五胡入华”引发中原政权频发更迭，导致政权之间的战争连绵不断，影响社会稳定和经济文化发展，给百姓带来巨大灾难，这是历史事实。但是另一方面，“五胡”政权统治者也在力所能及的范围内，尽可能地采取了不少发展生产、传承文化的措施，客观上促进了各民族的交往交流交融，推动了社会经济文化发展，对中华民族共同体的发展与融聚作出了重要贡献。历史上即使“华夷之辨”观念强烈的史家，如写作魏晋南北朝时期“八书二史”正史的封建王朝史家，对此也留下了大量客观史料，给予了充分肯定的。</span></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-wrap: wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></section></p><p><br/></p>